INTRODUCTION:

Psoriasis is a hyperproliferative neutrophilic dermatosis. It's the most common habitual seditious autoimmune complaint of the skin. Psoriasis affects about 2-3% of the world population. The word psoriasis comes from the Greek word psora meaning itch and iasis meaning condition. It's characterized by erythematous pustules or pillars and skin lesions covered with argentine scales. The most generally affected skin areas are elbows, knees, guts, crown, hands, bases, triumphs, fritters and toes, and the body. On darker skin, the spots may be purplish in color. Symptoms associated with psoriasis skin patches include vexation, blankness, pain and itching. To study psoriasis in detail, it has been divided into different types of psoriasis similar as invasive psoriasis, shrine psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, nail psoriasis, crown psoriasis, and colorful types of psoriasis ¹. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the complaint affects around 1.5- 5% of the population in developing countries and 0.5% in advanced countries. Worldwide, it affects about 9 to 11.4% of people. The condition generally presents as red, scaled patches on the skin that can appear anywhere on the body. The inflexibility of the condition can affect how important the lesions spread. Despite ongoing exploration, the exact cause of psoriasis is still unknown, but it's believed to be associated with factors such as family history, smoking, alcohol consumption, and stress. People with psoriasis may witness significant cerebral torture due to the visible nature of the skin lesions, which are frequently covered in tableware scales. Figure 1 illustrates what these lesions look like.

Figure 1: Psoriatic plaques covered with silvery scales compared to normal skin parts

These symptoms can lead to depression and self-murder attempts due to a reduced quality of life. In the pathogenesis of psoriasis, the leading part of vulnerable cells was verified by the use of immunosuppressants as a treatment system, which led to a significant enhancement in the symptoms of the complaint.

Figure 2: A summary of the underlying pathogenesis of psoriatic skin lesions

Psoriasis is a skin condition that has three main causes. First, it causes the rapid-fire growth of skin cells due to inordinate growth factor exertion. Second, it causes the dilation of blood vessels, which leads to the product of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These cytokines spark T lymphocytes and produce a vulnerable response that can be stored in memory cells. Third, inflammation occurs due to the product of pro-inflammatory intercessors, similar to interleukins, endothelin, interferon, excrescence necrosis factor nascence, and vascular endothelial growth factor. There are different forms of psoriasis, including shrine, pustular, Guttate, and inverse. Shrine psoriasis is the most common, affecting around 80% of cases with psoriasis. It causes pillars with well-defined borders and a pearly sub caste. The inflexibility of psoriasis can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of inflammation, position of the rash, and inflexibility². Psoriasis can also be classified as common (shrine), freckled, inverse, pustular, and erythrodermic psoriasis. The vulgaris (shrine) form has major physical and cerebral goods³.

Psoriasis is a T-cell mediated complaint, generally due to imperfect processing by the body's vulnerable system, in which keratinocytes gain and, unlike normal skin, trip from the rudimentary subcaste to the skin's face veritably fleetly within 6- 8 days and accumulate on the epidermis rather than removing the performing unnoticeable⁴.

Psoriasis treatment involves four main approaches original treatment, phototherapy, systemic treatment, and natural systemic treatment targeting specific receptors and seditious pathways in psoriasis. Topical treatments are generally considered the first-line treatment for mild to moderate localized psoriasis. Original measures include corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs, and retinoids, which intrude with the seditious pathway regulated by cytokines. The main disadvantage of original treatment is that it doesn't give an endless result, which could be disappointing for cases. Phototherapy, the use of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength that ranges from 254 to 313nm, is recommended for moderate to severe psoriasis and for cases who have shown resistance to topical treatment. The UV radiation within this range has shown erythema and damage to normal skin, but it has also shown remedial goods on psoriatic skin, which may be attributed to the pathological skin changes that take place, including thickening and keratinization of the epidermis layers of skin. UVB is most generally used for phototherapy because it's safe, effective, and cost-effective. PUVA (Psoralenþ UVA) is also used but is generally not preferred due to the implicit pitfalls involved, including photo-aging, scaled cell melanoma, or indeed nasty carcinoma. Still, it's veritably effective and minimizes the rush of the complaint over a fairly long period. he most generally specified specifics are systemic in nature and include Methotrexate, cyclosporine, acitretin, and fumaric acid esters, which are immunomodulatory agents with antioxidant parcels. Methotrexate, an asset of folic acid emulsion with its immunosuppressive andanti-inflammatory parcels, is considered a first- line product in this order due to its fairly high safety profile compared to other systemic agents, and in utmost cases, has high effectiveness. Still, it can lead to hepatotoxicity, and careful monitoring of liver function is demanded for long- term treatment, and it's contraindicated in the presence of liver complaints. Methotrexate is also contraindicated in gravidity, thrombocytopenia, and leukemia. Systemic natural treatments act on specific receptors and inflammatory pathways in psoriasis, particularly two pathways inhibition of T lymphocytes (e.g.G. Alefacept, Efalizumab) and inhibition of excrescence necrosis factor (e.g. infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab). Global guidelines recommend detailed laboratory tests before the launch of treatment and follow- up examinations, including a complete blood count, liver function netting for hepatitis, tuberculosis, mortal immunodeficiency contagion, and gravidity. The trouble of infection must be minimized, and vaccinations are banned. therefore, this order is considered the last option as it attacks the vulnerable system and may have unintended consequences on the impaired response to infection. Natural remedies have shown promising results in the treatment of psoriasis, especially in combination withanti-psoriasis chemicals. exemplifications of natural substances that have salutaryanti-psoriasis parcels include curcumin, capsaicin, fish oil painting, green tea, berries, and aloe vera. Fish oil painting constituents, in particular, have shown positive remedial goods against psoriasis pillars when used alone or in combination with other chemicals. This makes them an excellent seeker for a nanoparticle delivery system. The choice of treatment depends on comorbidities and the inflexibility of the complaint. Since topical treatment is considered the first- line treatment, utmost experimenters have concentrated on perfecting efficacity and safety through this route of administration².

All current treatments for psoriasis calculate on synthetic medicines that give symptom relief but are associated with several side goods that can compromise patient safety and compliance. The use of herbal drugs has endured an upsurge in recent times due to the limited side goods compared to chemical drugs 5. Current exploration concerning psoriasis has grounded itself on preclinical models of experimental mice by converting psoriasis- type dermatitis to murine models (knockout mice, transgenic mice) with the help of imiquimod 5 used in the treatment of actinic keratosis or rudimentary cell melanoma. Imiquimod is an imidazoquinoline amine, a Risk- suchlike receptor TLR7/ TLR8 ligand and an agent with original immunomodulatory parcels which by topical operations induces psoriatic type dermatitis both clinically and morphologically. These operations also have a more general effect by elevating the situations of seditious cells and latterly the position of cytokines that they produce; through these conduct, murine models with imiquimod- convinced psoriasis come ideal for studying the efficacity of herbal rectifiers on psoriasis. Because it affects substantially the skin and because it's a life-long complaint, psoriasis generates high situations of torture and it has numerous associated psychiatric diseases, similar as anxiety and depression. There's a clear necessity for curatives and drugs that offer relief for longer ages or which can effectively cure it. The acute needful for innovative curatives stems also from the fact that the current bones have numerous side goods including skin atrophy, perceptivity to solar light, skin vexations, and high threat for infection, carcinogenesis, vulnerable system repression and organ toxin. Cases could profit from these phytotherapeutics through their low costs, low number of adverse goods and multiple biochemical conditioning, therefore perfecting the overall case compliance ⁶.

The future of developing new remedial approaches with natural phytonutrients for the treatment of psoriasis lies in the combination of ultramodern technology and innovative exploration. Numerous sauces have been shown to have anti-psoriasis goods.

Wrightia tinctoria is comparatively a small evanescent tree, dinghy is scaled and smooth, and youthful corridors are rough or puberulous. Leaves variable,7.5- 15 cm in length and2.5-5.7 cm in range, shape is elliptic, lanceolate, apex is acuminate, face rough or the youthful leaves puberulous, base acute or rounded, main jitters 6- 12 dyads, petioles are 3- 4 mm in length. Flowers are white and ambrosial, arranged in lax terminal cymes about12.5 cm periphery with slender dichrotomous branches; nanosecond ovate bracts, rough calyx, glandular outside; parts2.5 mm in length, oblong, apex rounded and with membranous perimeters. The corolla is short, tube 3 mm long; blunt; nimbus of multitudinous direct scales, some inserts with the fibers & some on the corolla lobes. Fruits, 25- 50 cm in length, 6- 8 mm in range, spherical, tapering to both ends, rough striate, cohering at the tip. Seeds1.3- 2 cm in length refocused at the apex. From a Scottish croaker and botanist William Wright (1740- 1827) Wrightia is named.

Wrightia tinctoria is a well- known implicit medicinal factory whose leaves are traditionally used to treat psoriasis and seditious dermatitis in Siddha and Ayurvedic drug and are set up in tropical regions and belong to the Apocynaceae family, figure 3.

Figure 3: Wrightia tinctoria plant

This seasoning is helpful in treating dandruff as well as various crown and skin conditions. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on different corridor of the plant have shown antiulcer, anticancer, antidandruff, anxiolytic, antipsoriatic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, analgesic, hepatoprotective, deworming and mending parcels. Primary phytochemical analysis of Wrightia tinctoria methanolic extract showed that it contains alkaloids and flavones. Phytochemical studies on the bark of Wrightia tinctoria revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids and carbohydrates. Also, Sridhar et al., set up that carbohydrates, steroids, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and proteins are present in the leaves of Wrightia tinctoria. A study by S.R. Sankar et al., revealed that alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, and Phlobatannins were present in the leaves ⁷. Sukare P studied the hydroalcoholic extract of W. tinctoria leaves caused a significant degree of orthokeratosis compared to isoretinoic acid and an increase in epidermal viscosity compared to the control⁸.

Wrightia tinctoria is a generally cited medicine used to treat psoriasis. Colourful studies have proved the condiment's topical and oral effectiveness in treating psoriasis. Sundarrajan et al., employed the network pharmacology approach to decrypt the medium of action of W. tinctoria specified for the treatment of psoriasis. The work utilizes combined in silico strategies to unravel the chemical and pharmacological mechanisms of herbal medicine. The composites were set up to act in a synergistic way by suppressing the vulnerable system and converting or reviving the disintegrated mechanisms similar as apoptosis. This work is an attempt to punctuate the significance of safe and effective traditional system of drug immolation cure to colourful dermatological diseases, including psoriasis ⁹.

The previous work on the Wrightia tinctoria antipsoriatic action is summarized in table 1.

Table 1: Previous work on Wrightia tinctoria antipsoriatic action

Author	Title name	Summary	Source
Shinde A. J. et al., (2022)	Herbal Treatment for Management of Psoriasis: An Overview	The Wrightia tinctoria factory belongs to the Apocynaceae family. This factory contains colorful secondary metabolites similar to alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, lipids and carbohydrates. A hydroalcoholic excerpt of Wrightia tinctoria leaves exhibits anti-psoriatic exertion as determined by the rat tail test showing a significant quantum of orthokeratosis ¹³.	Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology
Filipa Mascarenhas-Melo et al., (2022)	Nanocarriers for the topical treatment of psoriasis- pathophysiology, conventional treatments, nanotechnology, regulatory and toxicology	Nanotechnology enables better solubility and delivery of drugs as well as an increase in their tolerability. In addition to the pathophysiology of psoriasis and its conventional treatments, the article also examines various topical Nano technological strategies to improve the efficacy of treatment and their regulatory and toxicological context ¹⁴.	European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics
Sangeetha et al., (2021)	An Updated Review on Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb). R Br	The plant Wrightia tinctoria, commonly known as Danthapala, a known potential medicinal plant whose leaves are traditionally used to treat psoriasis and non-specific dermatitis in the Siddha and Ayurvedic medicine systems. The current review focuses on current pharmacological and phytochemical studies of the plant with particular emphasis on antipsoriatic, antifungal, antibacterial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic and healing effects ⁷.	Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Sharma and Mandal., (2020)	Management of plaque psoriasis through Ayurvedic treatment approaches: A case report	Reviewed the treatment of a diagnosed case of plaque psoriasis. The patient was treated with a multimodal Ayurvedic approach using shaman chikitsa (sedative therapy) that included oral administration of decoctions, medicated ghee, and topical application of medicated coconut oil treated in the presence of Shweta Kutaja leaves (Wrightia tinctoria Roxb.) Wrightia tinctoria leaf extract has shown significant anti-psoriatic and antioxidant effects in all studies and has therefore been used to treat psoriasis ¹⁵.	Journal of Ayurveda Case Reports
Iriventi et al., (2020)	Development and evaluation of Nanosponge loaded topical herbal gel of Wrightia tinctoria	Developed topical Nanosponge (NS) gels from Wrightia tinctoria extract using cross-linker and polymer melt. It is used to treat psoriasis. Based on the study, it was concluded that the components responsible for the treatment of psoriasis are present in the obtained extract and that the NS topical gel has a significant impact on the sustained release of the drug ¹⁶.	International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics
Ahsan et al., (2020)	Efficacy of Medicinal Plants for Reducing the Symptoms of Psoriasis: A Review Article	A recent review article shows that Givotia rottleriformis Griff, Wrightia tinctoria Polypodium Decumanum, and Cassia Tora have a significant effect in relieving the symptoms of psoriasis. An herbal extract from Wrightia tinctoria was prepared and the quality control parameters were also analysed by HPLC. After extraction and standardization, patients diagnosed with psoriasis were treated with 12 g seed powder. Standardized Wrightia tinctoria extract significantly reduced psoriasis parameters such as flaking, itching, and psoriatic area that induces vomiting ¹⁷.	The Ulutas Medical Journal
Deepa et al., (2019)	Determining Anti-Psoriatic Activity of Salicylic Acid and Wrightia Tinctoria Herb Using Extemporaneous Formulation	Developed gel and pearl preparations, i.e. a temporary preparation against psoriasis, using Carbopol 934 as a gelling agent. Salicylic acid, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and Wrightia tinctoria have been used to treat psoriasis. The beads formulation containing oil of Wrightia tinctoria herb also shows good results when rubbed on the skin and no foreign matter is observed during application. Hence it can be concluded that this extemporaneous formulation can be used for various topical formulations for external application for psoriasis ¹⁸.	SGVU Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Education
Sharmila et al., (2018)	Phytochemical profiling and Insilco docking studies of Wrightia tinctoria against psoriasis	Studied the phytochemical, antimicrobial, and antipsoriatic properties of Wrightia tinctoria bark. Propanol extracts from Wrightia tinctoria showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, saponins, tannins and terpenoids inhibiting the 1PSR protein. Therefore, this study suggests that Wrightia tinctoria exhibits various pharmacological activities such as B. antimicrobial, antipsoriatic, and antioxidant effect ¹⁹.	World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Ganga et al., (2018)	Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Wrightia tinctoria	Phytochemical studies have highlighted the presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, lipids and carbohydrates. W. tinctoria exhibits a broad spectrum of pharmacological activity. Traditionally used to treat psoriasis, eczema, and scabies and is clinically tested. W. tinctoria hydroalcoholic extract has been shown to have anti-psoriatic effects. The trade name RegSor® contains Wrightia tinctoria and Cocus nucifera as key ingredient ¹⁰.	World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

The purpose of this review is to summarize the various studies carried out on this plant for the treatment of psoriasis and to critically review the initial phytochemical analysis and antipsoriatic activity of Wrightia tinctoria.

PLANT PROFILE¹⁰

Synonym: Sweet Indrajao, Pala indigo plant, Dyers’s oleander, Dantappala, Vetpala

Family: Apocyanaceae

Genus: Wrightia

Species: tinctoria

Origin: India, Burma

Geographical Distribution: Rajputana, Central provinces, Deccan, Konkan, S.M Country, Western Ghats, Burma.

Seasons: The leaves fall off in December or January and renew from April to May. It flowers after the leaves have sprouted, from mid-May to the end of June. The fruits are visible in November and ripen the following summer.

Botanical Description:

Wrightia tinctoria is a medium-sized evergreen tree and produces a milky-white latex.

Leaves: The leaves are simple with an array of contrary leaves, stalked, ovate, axillary and rough, acute, 10 – 20 cm long and 5cm wide. Occasionally the underpart is hairy. The petioles are veritably short.

Bark: The bark is smooth, unheroic- brown and about 10mm thick. A milky-white latex is formed.

Inflorescence: The inflorescence is terminal and the flowers are white, bisexual, actinomorphic and hypogynous. They appear in India from March to May, the pinnate flowers appear in umbels 5 to 15cm in the periphery at the end of the branches. The flowers have stretched petals rounded at the ends and act as frangipani flowers.

Fruits: Regenerating occurs in August and the fruits are spherical, spotted black and green with long white cornucopias and fused at the apex, up to 50cm long.

Seed: The seeds are brown and flat with a stack of white hairs at the end of the chalazal. Seed disbandment is carried out by the wind.

MICROSCOPY:¹¹

Transverse section of leaf: The leaf is dorsiventral and transcurrent. The following tissues are present in the midrib and lamella.

Midrib: The midrib of Wrightia tinctoria is astronomically hemispherical on the abaxial side with a short lump on the adaxial side. There are multicellular unbranched trichomes, which correspond to single rows of cells lying on both sides of the midrib. Below the epidermis, there are five to seven layers of compact angular collenchyma cells on both sides of the midrib. The ground towel is parenchymatous and compact. The vascular beachfront of the midrib occurs as a bow-shaped on the abaxial side which has tannin cells at all sides.

Lamina: Epidermal cells of the lamella are square-shaped with an external convex wall and thin cuticle. Single-layered or double-layered precipice towel which is spherical, compact, and occupies one- third consistence of the lamella is present. The spongy parenchyma cells are lobed and approximately arranged as shown in the figure. Presence of stomata on both epidermis, the upper epidermis has a lower number when compared to the lower epidermis and they're parasitic. Thick-walled, uniseriate, 3- 7 celled trichomes are present.

Chemical Constituents:^10,12

Utmost of the health and medicinal parcels of shops and their factory products are related to their phytonutrients. A growing body of substantiation points to the presence of bioactive phytonutrients in the leaves, dinghy, roots, and seeds of W. tinctoria. Ripe cover grease paint showed the concurrence of β- amyrin, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid with β- sitosterol. Wrightial, a new terpene, and other phytonutrients similar to cycloartenone, cycloeucalenol, β- amyrin, and β- sitosterol have been insulated from a methanolic excerpt of immature capsules. In addition, a new sterol, 14- α- methylzymosterol, and four rare factory sterols desmosterol, clerosterol, 24- methylene-25-methylcholesterol and 24- dehydropollinastanol have been recovered from the seeds. The hexane excerpt of the capsules contains oleonolic acid; while ursolic acid and isoricinolic acid were further separated from the pod and seed oil. (Table 2).

Mechanism of Action of Wrightia Tinctoria for Psoriasis: ⁹

Due to the presence of numerous bioactive factors in Wrightia tinctoria, a major challenge lies in the identification of molecular targets contributing to its pharmacological nature. The discovery of the targets abetting the bioactive factors to perform the asked action will help in decrypting the medium of action of the seasoning under molecular position. Among 126 mixes, 67 mixes were colluded into the 238 targets by the STITCH database. 59 mixes without any applicable targets were barred from further analysis. A minimum of 1 out of 10 proteins were targeted by the mixes. A normal of five protein successes was maintained by the maturity of the mixes in the list revealing the eclectic places of numerous mixes. Among the implicit protein target hits, four proteins analogous to APOE (T21), CAT (T46), IL12B (T123), and TP53 (T228), which were previously associated with psoriasis, surfaced as direct targets for five mixes. Disturbance of lipid metabolism is an important characteristic point in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The continuous loss of lipids through the psoriatic lesions disrupts lipid homeostasis. Lipid metabolism in the epidermis is tightly regulated by the expression of the apolipoprotein E (APOE). Normal healthy skin secretes 85 mg of cholesterol within a period of 24h; on the negative, the psoriatic skin loses 1 – 2g of cholesterol with the scales during the same period. The mixes of A-sitosterol and Cholesterol are the direct controllers of APOE (T21) from the seasoning. A-Sitosterol, a structural homolog of cholesterol and cholesterol, itself was supplemented by the seasoning to compensate for the lost element. Psoriasis is a TH1- TH1- interceded complaint with enhanced expression of IL-12 in the psoriatic lesions. IL-12 stimulates the pathogenic inflammatory T cells leading to the induction of psoriasiform lesions in mice. The conflation of benzoic acid, 3- hydroxyl, 1- methyl propyl ester is linked as a direct asset for the IL- 12 (T123). Pyrogallol has been proven to induce the exertion of Caspase 3 (T43) and Caspase 8(T44), thus leading to the activation of apoptosis by the mitochondrial pathway. The mixes arrested the apoptosis induction by p53 but induced the same process through Caspase 3 (T43) and Caspase 8(T44). The mixes were set up to act synergistically by suppressing the vulnerable system and converting or reviving the disintegrated mechanisms analogous to apoptosis.

CONCLUSION:

Exploration in this field has led to colorful remedial strategies for treating psoriasis in recent times. The use of medicinal shops is one of these new strategies. Numerous sauces have been shown to have anti-psoriasis goods. A literature review shows that Wrightia tinctoria is an important medicinal factory with a different phytochemical and pharmacological diapason. The factory has multitudinous chemical factors similar as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, alkaloids, and polyphenols, and shows a significant effect in easing the symptoms of psoriasis. The use of Wrightia tinctoria in the Ayurvedic and Siddha drug systems is effective in treating psoriasis and problems with the thickening and blankness of the epidermis. It's added to hair canvases as it effectively reduces dandruff. Therefore, the current study suggests that the demonstrated phytochemical and natural parcels make Wrightia tinctoria a promising medicine for pharmaceutical assiduity and a good seeker for unborn exploration.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

Nil.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

The authors wish to thank all their instructors for their enormous backing. I thank the following individuals for their moxie and backing throughout all aspects of our study and for their help in writing the manuscript.

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Received on 10.07.2025 Revised on 13.09.2025

Accepted on 24.10.2025 Published on 31.01.2026

Available online from February 07, 2026

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2026; 18(1):31-37.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2026.00006

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

Plant part used	Compounds isolated
Leaves	Lupeol, α- and β- amyrin, Indigotin, Indirubin, tryptanthrin, Rutin, β-sitosterol, Myristic acid, Palmetic acid, Stearic acid, Behenic acid, Arachidic acid.
Flowers	Hexadecanoic acid, 15-methyl 2-mercapto-propanoic acid, 3- methyl-3-butanoic acid, Disilanone.
Stem	Lupeol, Stigmasterol, campesterol
Bark	Lupeol, α- and β-amyrin
Seeds	Lupeol, Chlorogenic acid, Dihydrocanaric acid, Glycerol, Erythritol, Thritol, D-galactose, D-mannose, 14 α-methyl zymosterol, Desmosterol, Clerosterol, 24-methylene-25-methyl cholesterol, 24- dehydropollinastanol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-methylene cholesterol, 24-ethyl cholesterol, 24 ethyl 22 E-dehydrocholesterol, Isofucosterol, cholesterol, Palmetic acid, stearic acid, Behenic acid, Arachidic acid
Mature seedpods	α- and β-amyrin, Lupeol, Ursolic acid, Oleanolic acid, Isoricinolic acid, β-sitosterol.
Immature seedpods	α- and β-amyrin, Cycloartenone, Cycloeucalenol, Wrightial, β-sitosterol